Adverb Clauses purpose? begins with? punctuated?

 

 indicate when, where or why something happens

modify verbs

show logical relationships between ideas or actions

 Indicate when
after, as, before, once, since, until, when, while

Indicate where
where, wherever

Indicate why
because, since

Indicate a contrast or condition
although, even though, if, unless
 Use a comma when the adverb clause comes at the beginning of a sentence, but do not use a comma when the clause comes at the end of a sentence.
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Adjective (Relative) Clauses purpose? begins with? punctuated?

 

 describe people, places, things, reasons, or times

modify nouns

relate descriptions to the noun immediately before the clause

 To describe people
who, whom, whose

To describe things
which, that

To show possession
whose

To describe places
where

To describe reasons
why

To describe times
when
 Surround the clause with commas only when the clause does not restrict the meaning (when you could leave out the clause and the sentence would still make sense)

a clause beginning with that never uses a comma

a clause beginning with which always uses a comma

If in doubt, leave the commas out
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Noun Clauses purpose? begins with? punctuated?

 

 take the place of nouns or pronouns what, that, where, why, how, when, if, whether Noun clauses never use commas